They have a lot of brain and nose real estate dedicated to processing such smells for useful information and also stronger stomach acid and enzymes in the digestive system to make ingesting poop much less threatening for a typical dog vs. the average person. So they typically benefit from such investigations whereas people would get not much info from such behaviors but would be way more likely to get some awful disease. Better for us to have a body that says “uhhh don’t do that” whereas they have instincts that tell them to go right on ahead.

Other person handled a source on it but one way to think of it is like x-rays. Gamma rays are more much more energetic x-rays basically. X-rays are used in imaging becuase they easily pass through less dense materials like your flesh but not as much in dense materials like say bone. The difference in the distribution of x-rays that passed through your body to get to the other side can be used to make an image showing those differences in density. The higher the energy of the light in this part of the spectrum increases the penetration (not necessarily the case for light in general but at this end of the pool yes), more penetration means less of a percentage of the energy is deposited along the path so more makes it through. Though, even a fraction of high energies deposited can still be bad for you if enough is shining on you. But anyway human tissue is mostly not dense and gamma rays are best attentuated by dense materials like a lead blanket or something so gamma rays coming from the inside can escape you. If you swallow beta or alpha the size and charge of the particle makes it much harder to escape you so virtually all of their energy would be deposited inside you. And neutrons are well moderated by the materials your body is composed of so they will also dump a ton of energy in your body. Alpha and neutron radiation get multipliers for the biological effect of the energy they deposit that reflect them having a much worse impact on you than beta and gamma.

Alpha emitters have medical applications in the body if well-targeted and immediately adjacent or inside of something you want destroyed. For instance boron neutron capture therapy was developed which entails providing B-10 in a compound that is selectively taken up by tumors but ideally NOT by healthy tissue. They then shine a particular energy spectrum of neutrons that will penetrate to the level the cancer is in and the neutrons are captured by the boron isotope (which is very very good at capturing neutrons). The resulting nucleus is not stable and releases an alpha particle, ideally causing massive local damage to the cancerous cell while the short range spares healthy cells.

First generation for that treatment when it was devised many decades back botched it though and wound up killing patients even faster (though it was introduced on people with brain cancers that were basically a death sentence anyway which I guess is where people were willing to try anything). The boron containing compound didn’t target the tumor as selectively as hoped for so a lot wound up in healthy tissues, the neutron energy was too low so the neutrons didn’t penetrate to the necessary depth to destroy the tumors deep in the skull but did cause a lot of damage to healthy scalp tissue, etc.

That said it underwent a lot of refinement later that made it a much more effective treatment.

Neutrinos are indeed tremendously penetrating precisely due to very little mass and no charge, many are constantly streaming through the entire world and you at any given moment. They are also way less likely to interact with matter than gamma rays. Since they very rarely do much of anything (you have to build ridiculous facilities to have a chance of detecting their uncommon interactions) they are not really considered as ionizing radiation.

Neutrons have much more mass but are still electrically neutral. Most materials have much more mass than a neutron so they bounce off and barely lose any energy in their collisions, sort of like when you throw a ping pong ball at a wall, which keeps them as highly penetrating in many materials. They only appreciably slow down when they collide with atoms similar in mass to them like the hydrogens in water, think like how a billiard ball will hit another and dump almost all of its energy into the similarly sized ball. So materials like water and concrete are good shielding for neutrons but lead not so much.

The idea is that it gets mostly blocked by the combo of the layers of clothes and skin so that kind of optimizes you not absorbing dose for that contrived scenario. If you swap beta with alpha then the beta will be doing more damage because it can penetrate the skin while the alpha is still entirely blocked. If you swap the beta with the gamma then the beta will be depositing basically all of the energy inside you and the gamma will not really be shielded at all from being in the pocket so that’s also more dose. If you have the neutron source swapped with the beta then although the beta is no longer a problem the neutrons will be penetrating you and moderating throughout your body which is bad. So beta in the pocket is the optimized option for that scenario even if it’s not necessarily where you would want to keep it in real life… similarly don’t actually go around eating gamma sources lol.

So long as you don’t wind up with a piece of the alpha-emitter inside you (ex. by eating it, breathing it, introduction via a wound) they are radiologically harmless. Alpha particles are highly charged and comparatively heavy since they have two protons and two neutrons. That mass and charge means that they make a lot of collisions and dump a ton of energy along a short track… VERY short, like the diameter of an individual cell even. Devastating if they are doing that in living tissue due to massive energy deposition all concentrated in a particular area, but on the outside the layers of your skin will adequately protect you. Or, as memes of old have put it:

They are of more concern as like an airborne gas or dusty contamination since you may not be aware if you are breathing them in or accidentally eating traces after touching a innocuous looking dusty surface and not washing your hands before lunch.

A little thought exercise they tell you when you study radiation: if you were to hypothetically have four equivalent activity sources that emitted alpha, beta, gamma and neutron radiation, and you have only four methods of either putting one in your pocket, throwing it in the trash, eating it, or holding it in your hand, which emitter do you match to which method?

Alpha is fine to hold in your hand since your skin will block the alpha particles; you want to avoid eating it because that would really mess you up. Beta has a bit more penetration so you don’t want to have it in your hand but the pocket is relatively fine. Neutron radiation is very penetrating except for moderators similar in mass to neutrons like the hydrogen atoms in water which the neutrons collide with and dump a ton of energy on; unfortunately you are made up of a lot of excellent moderating material where those neutrons would dump a lot of energy in you so you don’t want those anywhere near you and it’s best to throw that source away. Gammas are also highly penetrating so they don’t care that much about small differences like being in your hand or pocket but through having basically no mass and no charge they aren’t particularly likely to interact with you either so all else being equal they’re the safest of the emitters to have inside you if that’s a forced option.

In upstate New York one of my college friends borrowed my car and was driving around with it. My car had a Norwegian flag decoration on it and some guy pumping gas at a gas station mistook it for the Confederate flag, pointed at it and said, “yeah the South will rise again!!!” while my (Asian…) friend was also filling up. When she got back she had a lot of questions for me about what kind of flag it was since she wasn’t familiar with the Norwegian one.

Never ever seen a Nazi flag in person and I’ve lived in the Deep South for about a decade. Confederate ones are super common though, albeit less so than just a few years back.

There’s a VR game that models the cave so you can climb around it, though they don’t actually let you go down into where he got stuck. You can see it though, insane crawl getting down there and then you see the hole in the ground he plunged through headfirst. It’s at ~19:00 in this video made by one of his attempted rescuers who explains some differences between the model and the actual cave.

EWUUnsolved got some actual footage of the rescue attempt released by the Utah County Sheriff’s Office and put it up in this video which also shows some of the cave although the old camera footage is blurry and it has a ton of watermarking on it. Still insane footage and honestly amazes me how they were able to come up with so many ideas to try on such short notice