tldr:

Calories: Amount of energy in food.

Carbs: An energy source that is abundant in plant food.

Glucose: Most carbs are digested into glucose. It gets absorbed by each cell and burned into energy.

Gluten: A protein in wheat that makes the dough stretchy. Causes gut issues for some people.

Calorie is a measure of how much energy is in a unit of food. Carbs is a shorter word for carbohydrates: energy-rich nutrients made primarily of carbon and hydrogen Glucose is a type of sugar, a simple sugar that releases energy very quickly and easily. Sugars are carbohydrates, but not all carbohydrates are sugars. Gluten is a wheat protein that makes baked goods chewy and coherent instead of crumbly.